![]() When you’re driving a car, your memory of how to operate If a normal scientist gets an experimental result which conflicts with the paradigm, they will usually assume that their experimental technique is faulty, not that the paradigm is wrong.ģ2. ![]() On the contrary, they accept the paradigm unquestioningly, and conduct their research within the limits it sets. In Kuhn’s words, ‘normal science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory, and when successful finds none’.Ībove all, Kuhn stressed that normal scientists are not trying to test the paradigm. So normal science is a conservative activity - its practitioners are not trying to make any earthshattering discoveries, but rather just to develop and extend the existing paradigm. The job of the normal scientist is to try to eliminate these minor puzzles while making as few changes as possible to the paradigm. However successful a paradigm is, it will always encounter certain problems - phenomena which it cannot easily accommodate, or mismatches between the theory’s predictions and the experimental facts. Thomas Kuhn it is primarily a matter of puzzlesolving. What exactly does normal science involve? According to Then again, comparing ourselves to others can also lead to benign envy, the longing to reproduce someone else’s accomplishments without wishing them ill (“I wish I had what she has”), which has been shown in some circumstances to inspire and motivate us to increase our efforts in spite of a recent failureģ0. This sometimes leads to what psychologists call malignant envy, the desire for someone to meet with misfortune (“I wish she didn’t have what she has”).Īlso, comparing ourselves with someone who’s doing worse than we are risks scorn, the feeling that others are something undeserving of our beneficence (“She’s beneath my notice”). When comparing ourselves to someone who’s doing better than we are, we often feel inadequate for not doing as well. We’re not only Meaningseeking creatures but social ones as well, constantly making interpersonal comparisons to evaluate ourselves, improve our standing, and enhance our selfesteem.īut the problem with social comparison is that it often backfires. ![]() Despite abundant warnings that we shouldn’t measure ourselves against others, most of us still do. ![]() Like the story Fish is Fish, where a fish imagines everything on land to be fishlike, everything the children heard was incorporated into their preexisting views.Ģ9. The model of the earth that they had developed - and that helped them explain how they could stand or walk upon its surface did not fit the model of a spherical earth. If they were then told that it is round like a sphere, they interpreted the new information about a spherical earth within their flatearth view by picturing a Pancakelike flat surface inside or on top of a sphere, with humans standing on top of the pancake. When told it is round, children often pictured the earth as a pancake rather than as a sphere. They worked with children who believed that the earth is flat (because this fit their experiences) and attempted to help them understand that, in fact, it is spherical. ![]() Studies by Vosniado and Brewer illustrate Fish is FishstyleĪssimilation in the context of young children’s thinking about the earth. ![]()
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